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1.
Rev. chil. anest ; 50(5): 646-652, 2021.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1532449

ABSTRACT

Pain is a complex subjective organic function which is influenced by sensorial, emotional, cognitive and behavioral elements. Despite the wide offer of pain measurement devices in the perioperative period, none of them is completely validated for their transverse use in the anesthetic practice. The aim of this review is to present the existing devices for objective pain evaluation during the perioperative period along with the scientific evidence supporting each of them. Articles from the PubMed/MEDLINE literature search engine were reviewed. As result, 37 articles were selected due to its relevance, from which 13 pain assessment devices were described, regarding its clinical relevance as well as the amount of scientific evidence found. Among them are ANI, NOL, pupillometry, qNOX, and others. The nociceptive measurement performed by most of these is based mainly on the evaluation of the autonomic nervous system activity and variations of the electroencephalographic signal. However, it is not possible to recommend any particular device. This review aims to offer a broad overview of the available options in order to estimate the role that each of them could play in clinical anesthesiology practice.


El dolor es una experiencia subjetiva compleja en la que inciden elementos sensoriales, emocionales, cognitivos y conductua- les. A pesar de una amplia oferta de dispositivos para medir dolor en el perioperatorio, hoy no existe un instrumento de medición de analgesia validado y utilizado transversalmente en la práctica anestésica. El objetivo de esta revisión es presentar las actuales opciones disponibles para la medición del dolor agudo utilizadas en el período perioperatorio junto con la evidencia científica que respalda cada una de ellas. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura utilizando como fuente de búsqueda bibliográfica la base de datos MEDLINE/pubMed utilizando términos MESH. Como resultado, se seleccionaron 37 artículos de acuerdo a su importancia, a partir de los cuales se describen 13 dispositivos de valoración nociceptiva, a propósito de su relevancia clínica como también por la cantidad de evidencia científica encontrada. Entre ellos destacan ANI, NOL, pupilometría, qNOX, entre otros. La medición nociceptiva realizada por la mayoría de estos se basa principalmente en la evaluación de la actividad del sistema nervioso autónomo y variaciones de la señal electroencefalográfica. Sin embargo, no es posible recomendar algún dispositivo en particular. Esta revisión pretende ofrecer una visión amplia de las opciones disponibles con el fin de estimar el rol que cada uno de ellos podría desempeñar en la práctica clínica anestesiológica.


Subject(s)
Humans , Pain/diagnosis , Pain Measurement/methods , Perioperative Care , Pain, Postoperative/diagnosis , Nociceptive Pain/diagnosis , Monitoring, Physiologic
2.
Rev. bras. anestesiol ; 70(6): 588-594, Nov.-Dec. 2020. tab, graf
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1155777

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background and objectives: In shoulder arthroscopy, on an outpatient basis, the patient needs a good control of the postoperative pain that can be achieved through regional blocks. Perineural dexamethasone may prolong the effect of these blocks. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of perineural dexamethasone on the prolongation of the sensory block in the postoperative period for arthroscopic shoulder surgery in outpatient setting. Methods: After approval by the Research Ethics Committee and informed consent, patients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder surgery under general anesthesia and ultrasound-guided interscalene brachial plexus block were randomized into Group D - blockade performed with 30 mL of 0.5% levobupivacaine with vasoconstrictor and 6 mg (1.5 mL) of dexamethasone and Group C - 30 mL of 0.5% levobupivacaine with vasoconstrictor and 1.5 mL of 0.9% saline. The duration of the sensory block was evaluated in 4 postoperative moments (0, 4, 12 and 24 hours) as well as the need for rescue analgesia, nausea and vomiting incidence, and Visual Analog Pain Scale (VAS). Results: Seventy-four patients were recruited and 71 completed the study (Group C, n = 37; Group D, n = 34). Our findings showed a prolongation of the mean time of the sensitive blockade in Group D (1440 ± 0 min vs. 1267 ± 164 min, p < 0.001). It was observed that Group C had a higher mean pain score according to VAS (2.08 ± 1.72 vs. 0.02 ± 0.17, p < 0.001) and a greater number of patients (68.4% vs. 0%, p < 0.001) required rescue analgesia in the first 24 hours. The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Perineural dexamethasone significantly prolonged the sensory blockade promoted by levobupivacaine in interscalene brachial plexus block, reduced pain intensity and rescue analgesia needs in the postoperative period.


Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: Na artroscopia de ombro em regime ambulatorial, o paciente necessita de um bom controle da dor pós-operatória, que pode ser conseguido por meio de bloqueios regionais. A dexametasona perineural pode prolongar o efeito desses bloqueios. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da dexametasona perineural quanto ao prolongamento do bloqueio sensitivo no período pós-operatório para cirurgia artroscópica de ombro em regime ambulatorial. Métodos: Após aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa e consentimento informado, foram incluídos no estudo pacientes submetidos a cirurgia artroscópica de ombro sob anestesia geral e bloqueio de plexo braquial interescalênico guiado por ultrassonografia. Eles foram randomizados nos Grupo D - bloqueio com 30 mL de levobupivacaína 0,5% com vasoconstritor e 6 mg (1,5 mL) de dexametasona, e Grupo C - bloqueio com 30 mL de levobupivacaína 0,5% com vasoconstritor e 1,5 mL solução salina. A duração do bloqueio sensitivo foi avaliada em quatro momentos pós-operatórios (0, 4, 12 e 24 horas), assim como a necessidade de analgesia de resgate, incidência de náuseas e vômitos e Escala Visual Analógica de Dor (EVA). Resultados: Setenta e quatro pacientes foram randomizados e 71 completaram o estudo (Grupo C, n = 37; Grupo D, n = 34). Observou-se um prolongamento do tempo médio de bloqueio sensitivo no Grupo D (1440 ± 0 min vs. 1267 ± 164 min; p< 0,001). Pacientes do Grupo C apresentaram maior média de escore de dor de acordo com a EVA (2,08 ± 1,72vs. 0,02 ± 0,17; p< 0,001) e um maior número de pacientes solicitou analgesia de resgate nas primeiras 24 horas (68,4%vs.0%; p< 0,001). A incidência de náuseas e vômitos não foi estatisticamente significante. Conclusão: A dexametasona perineural prolongou significativamente o bloqueio sensitivo da levobupivacaína no bloqueio de plexo braquial interescalênico, reduziu a intensidade de dor e a necessidade de analgesia de resgate pelo paciente no período pós-operatório.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Arthroscopy/methods , Shoulder Joint/surgery , Dexamethasone/administration & dosage , Ultrasonography, Interventional/methods , Brachial Plexus Block/methods , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/administration & dosage , Pain, Postoperative/diagnosis , Pain, Postoperative/drug therapy , Arthroscopy/adverse effects , Time Factors , Vasoconstrictor Agents/administration & dosage , Pain Measurement , Double-Blind Method , Prospective Studies , Analysis of Variance , Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting/epidemiology , Saline Solution/administration & dosage , Levobupivacaine , Analgesia , Anesthetics, Local , Middle Aged
3.
Arq. bras. neurocir ; 39(3): 170-180, 15/09/2020.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1362397

ABSTRACT

It is estimated that between 266.2 and 359.5 million operations were performed in 2012 worldwide, and this number is on the rise. Chronic postoperative pain (CPOP) is the most important and still neglected postoperative complication, with a multifactorial causality, leading to a major impact on morbidity rates, high costs for the public health system, and direct and negative effects on the quality of life of the patients. The present systematic literature review aimed to elucidate the processes of postoperative pain chronification, biopsychosocial factors, risk factors, management of pain, and types of surgical procedures mainly associated with it. The review was based on the methodological recommendations of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The following databases were consulted: the Medical Literature, Analysis, and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), the Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). After reading the selected articles, the following surgical specialties were chosen to be addressed: general, orthopedics, breast cancer, gynecology, obstetrics, and thoracic. In conclusion, a deficient management of acute postoperative pain is the main risk factor for the development of CPOP. To prevent CPOP, training programs for healthcare professionals should be implemented to improve their skills and knowledge of the management of pain before, during, and after surgeries. It is also necessary to conduct more in-depth studies on the evaluation and management of this condition.


Subject(s)
Pain, Postoperative/etiology , Pain, Postoperative/prevention & control , Perioperative Care , Pain Management , Pain, Postoperative/surgery , Pain, Postoperative/diagnosis , Pain, Postoperative/physiopathology , Risk Factors , Health Human Resource Training , Chronic Pain
4.
Rev. bras. anestesiol ; 70(4): 325-332, July-Aug. 2020. tab, graf
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1137203

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background: Skin conductance response reflects the activity of the sympathetic nervous system and is used to measure acute pain. This pilot study examines correlations of skin conductance response with emotional stressors postoperatively. Methods: The correlation of skin conductance response with pain, anxiety, nausea and intellectual task performance was analyzed in postoperative patients. Results: Significant correlations were observed between anxiety and pain during physical activity on both postoperative day 1 and 2. No significant correlations were found between skin conductance response versus mild pain, nausea, anxiety or intellectual task performance. Conclusion: This pilot study suggests that when the pain is well-controlled in the early postoperative period, skin conductance response monitoring may not be influenced by other emotional stressors.


Resumo Justificativa: A variação da condutância da pele reflete a atividade do sistema nervoso simpático e é usada para avaliar dor aguda. Este estudo piloto examinou as correlações entre a variação da condutância da pele e estressores emocionais no pós-operatório. Método: A correlação entre a variação da condutância da pele e dor, ansiedade, náusea e desempenho de tarefa intelectual foi analisada em pacientes no pós-operatório. Resultados: Correlações significantes foram observadas entre ansiedade e dor durante atividade física nos dias 1 e 2 pós-operatórios. Não foram encontradas correlações significantes entre a variação da condutância da pele e dor leve, náusea, ansiedade ou desempenho de tarefa intelectual. Conclusão: Este estudo piloto sugere que, quando a dor é bem controlada no pós-operatório inicial, o monitoramento empregando a variação da condutância da pele pode não ser influenciado por outros estressores emocionais.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Pain, Postoperative/diagnosis , Stress, Psychological/psychology , Pain Measurement/methods , Galvanic Skin Response/physiology , Anxiety/psychology , Pain, Postoperative/psychology , Postoperative Period , Time Factors , Exercise , Pilot Projects , Prospective Studies , Cohort Studies , Emotions , Middle Aged
5.
Int. arch. otorhinolaryngol. (Impr.) ; 24(1): 62-67, Jan.-Mar. 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1090549

ABSTRACT

Abstract Introduction Posttonsillectomy pain results in significant morbidity to the patients. There is a disagreement in the literature regarding the use of local anesthetics during tonsillectomy. The aim of this placebo-controlled, double-blind study is to evaluate the effect of peritonsillar administration of local anesthetics. Objective To evaluate the role of intraoperative use of analgesics in tonsillar fossa and postoperative evaluation with visual analogue scale (VAS) scores in achieving pain relief after tonsillectomy procedure Methods In this study, 180 patients were randomized to 1 of the 6 groups: bupivacaine infiltration, lidocaine infiltration, normal saline infiltration, bupivacaine packing, lidocaine packing, and normal saline packing. Pain caused by speaking, swallowing, and on rest was assessed using VAS at 4, 8, 12, 16 hours, and at discharge. Results Significant analgesia was obtained in patients who received bupivacaine infiltration and packing compared with placebo (p < 0.05). The majority of the study subjects had no postoperative complications, and patients receiving bupivacaine infiltration required less additional analgesics in the first 24 hours after surgery. Conclusion We advocate the use of bupivacaine infiltration or packing immediately following the procedure to achieve adequate postoperative analgesia.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Pain, Postoperative/drug therapy , Tonsillectomy , Analgesia , Analgesics/administration & dosage , Analgesics/therapeutic use , Intraoperative Care , Pain, Postoperative/diagnosis , Pain, Postoperative/prevention & control , Pakistan , Placebos/administration & dosage , Postoperative Complications , Pain Measurement/methods , Bupivacaine/administration & dosage , Bupivacaine/therapeutic use , Double-Blind Method , Prospective Studies , Injections, Intravenous , Lidocaine/administration & dosage , Lidocaine/therapeutic use
6.
Rev. Col. Bras. Cir ; 47: e20202607, 2020. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1155352

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Herniorrhaphy is one of the most common surgical procedures, with an estimated 20 million operations performed annually worldwide. One of the common complications associated with this procedure is inguinodynia, defined as pain beyond three months after inguinal hernia surgery. In this review, we have addressed the main aspects of this complication with current articles, published in the last five years. Inguinodynia has a multifactorial nature and studies have shown that its development is related to the surgical technique and intrinsic factors of the patient that imply greater predisposition to this phenomenon. In this regard, it has been discussed which surgical techniques imply a lower incidence of this complication. Many studies have focused on understanding intrinsic features of each patient, both in physical and cognitive aspects, and how the approach of these factors can favor a better post-surgical recovery. The treatment of this condition is still challenging, and there are no established universal guidelines. We believe that due to its multifactorial nature, the treatment is hampered due to the individuality inguinodynia presentations.


RESUMO A herniorrafia é um dos procedimentos cirúrgicos mais realizados, com estimativa de 20 milhões de operações feitas anualmente em todo o mundo. Uma das complicações comuns associadas a esse procedimento é a inguinodinia, definida como dor inguinal crônica, com duração superior a três meses após herniorrafia inguinal. Nesta revisão, abordamos os principais aspectos dessa complicação com base em artigos sobre o tema, publicados nos últimos cinco anos. A inguinodinia tem natureza multifatorial e estudos mostram que está relacionada à técnica cirúrgica e aos fatores intrínsecos do paciente, que implicam maior predisposição a esse fenômeno. Nesse sentido, têm sido discutidas quais técnicas cirúrgicas implicam menor incidência dessa complicação. Muitos estudos têm se concentrado em compreender características inerentes a cada paciente, tanto no aspecto físico, quanto cognitivo, e como a abordagem desses fatores pode favorecer a melhor recuperação pós-cirúrgica. O tratamento dessa condição ainda é desafiador e não há diretrizes universais estabelecidas. Acreditamos que, devido à natureza multifatorial, o tratamento é dificultado em razão da individualidade das apresentações da inguinodinia.


Subject(s)
Humans , Pain, Postoperative/etiology , Surgical Mesh , Herniorrhaphy/adverse effects , Hernia, Inguinal/surgery , Pain, Postoperative/diagnosis , Postoperative Complications , Causality , Treatment Outcome , Chronic Pain , Groin
7.
Rev. bras. anestesiol ; 69(4): 396-402, July-Aug. 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1041998

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background and objectives Patient self-rating based scales such as Numerical Rating Scale, Visual Analog Scale that is used for postoperative pain assessment may be problematic in geriatric or critically ill patients with communication problems. A method capable of the assessment of pain in objective manner has been searched for years. Analgesia nociception index, which is based on electrocardiographic data reflecting parasympathetic activity, has been proposed for this. In this study we aimed to investigate the effectiveness of analgesia nociception index as a tool for acute postoperative pain assessment. Our hypothesis was that analgesia nociception index may have good correlation with Numerical Rating Scale values. Methods A total of 120 patients of American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I and II undergoing any surgical procedure under halogenated-based anesthesia with fentanyl or remifentanil were enrolled for the study. At the 15th minute of arrival to the Postoperative Care Unit the patients' pain was rated on a 0-10 point Numerical Rating Scale. The patients' heart rate, blood pressure, and analgesia nociception index scores were simultaneously measured at that time. The correlation between analgesia nociception index, heart rate, blood pressure and Numerical Rating Scale was examined. Results The study was completed with 107 patients, of which 46 were males (43%). Mean (SD) analgesia nociception index values were significantly higher in patients with initial Numerical Rating Scale ≤3, compared with Numerical Rating Scale >3 (69.1 [13.4] vs. 58.1 [12.9] respectively, p < 0.001). A significant negative linear relationship (r 2 = -0.312, p = 0.001) was observed between analgesia nociception index and Numerical Rating Scale. Conclusion Analgesia nociception index measurements at postoperative period after volatile agent and opioid-based anesthesia correlate well with subjective Numerical Rating Scale scores.


Resumo Justificativa e objetivo As escalas baseadas na autoavaliação de pacientes, como a Escala Visual Numérica e a Escala Visual Analógica, que são usadas para avaliar a dor pós-operatória podem ser problemáticas em pacientes geriátricos ou em estado crítico com problemas de comunicação. Portanto, um método capaz de avaliar a dor de maneira objetiva vem sendo pesquisado há anos. O índice de analgesia/nocicepção, baseado em dados eletrocardiográficos que refletem a atividade parassimpática, tem sido proposto para tal avaliação. Neste estudo, objetivamos investigar a eficácia do índice de analgesia/nocicepção como uma ferramenta para a avaliação da dor pós-operatória aguda. Nossa hipótese foi que o índice de analgesia/nocicepção pode ter boa correlação com os valores da Escala de Classificação Numérica. Métodos Um total de 120 pacientes com estado físico ASA I e II, submetidos a qualquer procedimento cirúrgico com o uso de anestésicos halogenados associados a fentanil ou remifentanil, foi incluído no estudo. No 15º minuto após a chegada à sala de recuperação pós-anestesia, a dor dos pacientes foi avaliada em uma escala numérica de 0-10 pontos. Os escores de frequência cardíaca, pressão arterial e o índice de analgesia/nocicepção dos pacientes foram medidos simultaneamente naquele momento. A correlação entre o índice de analgesia/nocicepção, frequência cardíaca, pressão arterial e a Escala Visual Numérica foi avaliada. Resultados O estudo foi concluído com 107 pacientes, dos quais 46 eram do sexo masculino (43%). Os valores da média (DP) do índice de analgesia/nocicepção foram significativamente maiores nos pacientes com valor inicial na Escala Visual Numérica ≤ 3, em comparação com valor na mesma escala > 3 (69,1 [13,4] vs. 58,1 [12,9], respectivamente, p < 0,001). Uma relação linear negativa significativa (r2 = -0,312, p = 0,001) foi observada entre o índice de analgesia/nocicepção e a Escala Visual Numérica. Conclusão As mensurações do índice de analgesia/nocicepção no pós-operatório após anestesia com agentes halogenados e opioides mostraram boa correlação com os escores subjetivos da Escala Visual Numérica.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Young Adult , Pain Measurement/methods , Acute Pain/diagnosis , Nociception/drug effects , Analgesia/methods , Pain, Postoperative/diagnosis , Pain, Postoperative/prevention & control , Fentanyl/administration & dosage , Prospective Studies , Acute Pain/prevention & control , Remifentanil/administration & dosage , Analgesics, Opioid/administration & dosage , Middle Aged
8.
Rev. cuba. anestesiol. reanim ; 17(2): 1-11, mayo.-ago. 2018. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, CUMED | ID: biblio-991024

ABSTRACT

Introducción: El dolor es una experiencia sensorial y emocional desagradable asociada con daño hístico. Objetivo: Evaluar una herramienta para la valoración del dolor posoperatorio en pacientes con intervenciones quirúrgicas electivas. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación de innovación tecnológica por tratarse de la construcción y validación de un instrumento de medición, en el Hospital Universitario Docente Manuel Ascunce Domenech, de octubre de 2015 a enero de 2018. El estudio se realizó en dos fases, la primera referida a la construcción del instrumento y la segunda relacionada con la validación de este. Resultados: Los coeficientes de correlación más altos fueron: expresión facial, tono muscular y presión arterial sistólica. A partir de este análisis quedó conformado el instrumento definitivo con igual número de partes. Para evaluar la confiabilidad de la escala se empleó el test en paralelo, que tuvo como resultado un coeficiente de correlación lineal de Pearson de 0,945 con un intervalo de confianza de 95 por ciento de 0,93 a 0,97 entre los puntajes obtenidos en una y otra aplicación. En el análisis de la consistencia interna se utilizó el coeficiente alpha de Cronbach, que obtuvo un valor de 0,753. Se exploró la validez de apariencia mediante consulta a expertos, los que consideraron que los ítems contenidos en la escala fueron bien construidos. Conclusiones: El tiempo promedio requerido para aplicar el instrumento fue de 10 min. La escala no necesita de condiciones particulares para el proceso de evaluación. Por estas razones se considera que se construyó un instrumento adecuado, útil y factible para aplicarlo por personal calificado(AU)


Introduction: Pain is an unpleasant, sensory and emotional experience associated with tissue damage. Objective: To evaluate a tool for the assessment of postoperative pain in patients with elective surgeries. Methods: A technological innovation research was carried out for the construction and validation of a measuring instrument at Manuel Ascunce Domenech Teaching University Hospital, from October 2015 to January 2018. The study was carried out in two phases: the first refers to the construction of the instrument and the second related to the validation of this. Results: The highest correlation coefficients were: facial expression, muscle tone and systolic blood pressure. From this analysis, the definitive instrument with the same number of parts was formed. To evaluate the reliability of the scale, the parallel test was used, which resulted in a Pearson linear correlation coefficient of 0.945 with a 95 percent confidence interval from 0.93 to 0.97 between the scores obtained in one and another use. In the internal consistency analysis, the Cronbach alpha coefficient was used, which obtained a value of 0.753. The appearance validity was explored by consulting experts, who considered that the items contained in the scale were well constructed. Conclusions: The average time required to apply the instrument was 10 min. The scale does not need particular conditions for the evaluation process. For these reasons, it is considered that an adequate, useful and feasible instrument was built to be used by qualified personnel(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Pain, Postoperative/diagnosis , Pain Measurement/methods , Evaluation Study , Perioperative Period/methods
9.
Rev. cuba. anestesiol. reanim ; 17(2): 1-10, mayo.-ago. 2018. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, CUMED | ID: biblio-991023

ABSTRACT

Introducción: El dolor posoperatorio es un fenómeno observado con elevada frecuencia y constituye uno de los retos más importantes en el ámbito quirúrgico. Objetivo: Describir los resultados clínicos y hemodinámicos obtenidos con la utilización de anestesia peridural torácica alta como técnica analgésica durante el período posoperatorio en los pacientes intervenidos de tórax. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal, prospectivo en el Hospital Abel Santamaría Cuadrado, entre enero de 2014 y enero de 2017. La muestra estuvo conformada por 37 pacientes que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Resultados: Predominaron los valores normales en los que no presentaron dolor posoperatorio, con 33 ± 5,23 y 33 ± 7,86 respectivamente. Se calculó una media de saturación de oxígeno de 99,48 por ciento y frecuencia respiratoria de 16 res/min. Se evidenció que 31 pacientes (83,78 por ciento) no presentaron complicaciones posoperatorias secundarias a la técnica analgésica. En la mayoría no fue necesaria la analgesia de rescate, elemento que representó el 89,19 por ciento. Resultó significativo que 32 pacientes (86,49 por ciento), manifestaron encontrarse satisfechos con el proceder y los resultados alcanzados. Conclusiones: La aplicación de la peridural con morfina para cirugía de tórax arrojó resultados muy efectivos como método analgésico con adecuada estabilidad, mínimas complicaciones requerimientos de rescate analgésico, lo que propició satisfacción por los pacientes(AU)


Introduction: Postoperative pain is a phenomenon that appears frequently and constitutes one of the most important challenges in the surgical field. Objective: To describe the clinical and hemodynamic results obtained with the use of high thoracic epidural as analgesic technique during the postoperative period in patients undergoing thoracic surgery. Method: A descriptive, longitudinal, prospective study was carried out in Abel Santamaría Cuadrado Hospital, during the period between January 2014 and January 2017. The sample consisted of 37 patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: In blood pressure and heart rate according to analgesic response, normal values prevailed in those without postoperative pain, with 33 ± 5.23 and 33 ± 7.86 respectively. A mean of oxygen saturation of 99.48 percent and respiratory rate of 16 res/min were calculated. It was evidenced that 31 patients (83.78 percent) did not present postoperative complications after the analgesic technique. In the majority, rescue analgesia was not necessary, an element that represented 89.19 percent. It was significant that 32 patients (86.49 percent) said they were satisfied with the procedure and the results achieved. Conclusions: The application of peridural with morphine for thoracic surgery yielded very effective results as an analgesic method with adequate stability, minimal complications and analgesic rescue requirements, which led to patient satisfaction(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Pain, Postoperative/diagnosis , Thoracic Surgery/methods , Analgesia, Epidural/methods , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Prospective Studies , Longitudinal Studies
10.
Rev. bras. anestesiol ; 68(2): 122-127, Mar.-Apr. 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-897824

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background and objectives: Pain is an aggravating factor of postoperative morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of methadone versus morphine using the numerical rating scale of pain and postoperative on-demand analgesia in patients undergoing myocardial revascularization. Method: A randomized, double-blind, parallel clinical trial was performed with patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups: morphine group and methadone group. At the end of cardiac surgery, 0.1 mg.kg−1 adjusted body weight of methadone or morphine was administered intravenously. Patients were referred to the ICU, where the following was assessed: extubation time, time to first analgesic request, number of analgesic and antiemetic drug doses within 36 h, numerical pain scale at 12, 24, and 36 h postoperatively, and occurrence of adverse effects. Results: Each group comprised 50 patients. Methadone showed 22% higher efficacy than morphine as it yielded a number-needed-to-treat score of 6 and number-needed-to-harm score of 16. The methadone group showed a mean score of 1.9 ± 2.2 according to the numerical pain scale at 24 h after surgery, whereas as the morphine group showed a mean score of 2.9 ± 2.6 (p = 0.029). The methadone group required less morphine (29%) than the morphine group (43%) (p = 0.002). However, the time to first analgesic request in the postoperative period was 145.9 ± 178.5 min in the methadone group, and 269.4 ± 252.9 in the morphine group (p = 0.005). Conclusions: Methadone was effective for analgesia in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting without extracorporeal circulation.


Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: A dor é fator agravante da morbidade e mortalidade pós-operatória. O objetivo foi comparar o efeito da metadona versus morfina quanto à dor e demanda de analgesia pós-operatória em pacientes submetidos à revascularização do miocárdio. Método: Ensaio clínico randomizado, duplo-cego, em paralelo. Pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio foram randomizados por blocos em dois grupos: Grupo Morfina (Gmo) e Grupo Metadona (Gme). No fim da cirurgia cardíaca, 0,1 mg.Kg−1 peso corrigido de metadona ou morfina foi administrado por via venosa. Os pacientes foram levados à UTI, onde foram avaliados o tempo até a extubação e a necessidade do primeiro analgésico, o número de doses necessárias de analgésicos e antieméticos em 36 horas, a escala numérica de dor em 12, 24 e 36 horas após a cirurgia e a ocorrência de efeitos adversos. Resultados: Foram incluídos 50 pacientes em cada grupo. A metadona apresentou eficácia 22% maior do que a morfina com Number Needed to Treat(NNT) de 6 e Number Needed to Harm(NNH) de 16. Gme apresentou média de dor pela escala numérica em 24 horas após o procedimento de 1,9 ± 2,2 em comparação com o Gmo, cuja média foi de 2,9 ± 2,6 (p= 0,029). O Gme necessitou de menos morfina de resgate 29% do que o grupo Gmo 43% (p= 0,002). Entretanto, o tempo até a necessidade de analgésico no pós-operatório foi de 145,9 ± 178,5 minutos no Grupo Gme e de 269,4 ± 252,9 no Gmo (p= 0,005). Conclusões: A metadona mostrou-se eficiente para a analgesia em cirurgias cardíacas de revascularização do miocárdio sem circulação extracorpórea.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Pain, Postoperative/drug therapy , Coronary Artery Bypass , Analgesia, Patient-Controlled , Pain Management/methods , Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use , Methadone/therapeutic use , Morphine/therapeutic use , Pain, Postoperative/diagnosis , Pain Measurement , Double-Blind Method , Middle Aged
11.
ABCD (São Paulo, Impr.) ; 30(3): 173-176, July-Sept. 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-885725

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Background: There are several surgical treatment options for inguinal hernia; however, there is no consensus on the literature identifying which surgical technique promotes less postoperative pain. Aim: To compare the intensity of postoperative pain between the surgical techniques Lichtenstein and transabdominal pre-peritoneal laparoscopy for the treatment of unilateral primary inguinal hernia. Methods: Were included 60 patients, of which 30 were operated through the Lichtenstein technique and 30 patients through the transabdominal pre-peritoneal laparoscopy. The pain levels were evaluated through the analogue visual scale for 2, 10 and 30 days after the surgery. Additionally, the recurrence rate and the presence of chronic pain and paresthesia were evaluated 12 months after the surgery. Results: Overall, the data analysis showed significant differences on pain levels between the surgical techniques. There were no significant differences between the pain levels for day 2. However, for 10 and 30 days after the surgery, the pain levels were significantly lower for the patients operated through the transabdominal pre-peritoneal laparoscopy technique compared to the Lichtenstein technique. Furthermore, despite no recurrent hernias for both surgical techniques, 32 % of patients operated through the Lichtenstein technique reported chronic pain and paresthesia 12 months after the surgery, compared with 3,6% of patients operated through the transabdominal pre-peritoneal laparoscopy technique. Conclusion: There are differences between the surgical techniques, with the transabdominal pre-peritoneal laparoscopy procedure promoting significantly lower postoperative pain (10 and 30 days) and chronic pain (12 months) compared to the Lichtenstein procedure.


RESUMO Racional: Existem diversas opções de tratamentos cirúrgicos para hernia inguinal; entretanto, não existe consenso na literatura sobre qual técnica cirúrgica promove menor dor pós-operatória. Objetivo: Comparar a intensidade de dor pós-operatória entre as técnicas cirúrgicas de Lichtenstein e a laparoscópica pré-peritoneal transabdominal no tratamento da hérnia inguinal unilateral não-recidivada. Métodos: Foram incluídos 60 pacientes, dos quais 30 foram operados pela técnica de Lichtenstein e 30 pela laparoscópica pré-peritoneal transabdominal. A intensidade da dor foi avaliada por meio da escala visual analógica nos dias 2, 10 e 30 de pós-operatório. A taxa de recidiva, a presença de dor crônica e parestesia local foram avaliadas com 12 meses de pós-operatório. Resultados: A análise dos dados demonstrou que existem diferenças significantes nos níveis de dor entre as técnicas cirúrgicas. Não houve diferença entre o nível de dor com dois dias. Entretanto, com 10 e 30 dias, o nível de dor foi significativamente menor para os operados pela técnica laparoscópica pré-peritoneal transabdominal, comparado à de Lichtenstein. Além disso, apesar de não haver casos de reincidência para ambas as técnicas, 32% dos pacientes operados por Lichtenstein relataram dor crônica e parestesia local 12 meses depois da operação, comparado a 3,6% da técnica laparoscópica pré-peritoneal transabdominal. Conclusão: Há diferenças entre as técnicas cirúrgicas, com o procedimento laparoscópico pré-peritoneal transabdominal promovendo níveis de dor pós-operatória (10 e 30 dias) e dor crônica (12 meses) significativamente menores, quando comparado ao procedimento Lichtenstein.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Pain, Postoperative/diagnosis , Pain, Postoperative/epidemiology , Pain Measurement , Laparoscopy , Herniorrhaphy/methods , Hernia, Inguinal/surgery , Prospective Studies
12.
Braz. j. otorhinolaryngol. (Impr.) ; 82(5): 589-595, Sept.-Oct. 2016. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-828226

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Intense pain is one of the most important postoperative complaints after tonsillectomy. It is often described by patients as comparable to the pain that accompanies an acute tonsillitis. Although recurrent tonsillitis is the most frequent indication for surgery, many tonsillectomies are performed due to other indications and these patients may be unfamiliar with such pain. OBJECTIVE: To verify whether individuals with recurrent tonsillitis experience different post-tonsillectomy pain intensity than those with other indications for surgery, with no history of episodes of acute tonsillitis. METHODS: A total of 61 tonsillectomies were performed under general anesthesia, using a potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) laser (to eliminate the potential influence on the study results of forceful dissection of fibrotic tonsils in patients with history of recurrent tonsillitis) and multiple ligations of blood vessels within the tonsillar beds. The patients received 37.5 mg Tramadoli hydrochloridum + 325 mg Paracetamol tablets for 10 days. Postoperative variables included the duration of hospital stay, postoperative hemorrhage and readmission rate. The patients reported pain intensity on consecutive days, pain duration, weight loss on postoperative day 10, character, intensity and duration of swallowing difficulties, and the need for additional doses of painkillers. Healing was also assessed. Capsular nerve fibers were histologically examined in the resected tonsils by immunostainings for general and sensory markers. RESULTS: Indications for the surgery were: recurrent acute tonsillitis (34 patients), no history of recurrent tonsillitis: focus tonsil (20) and intense malodour (7). Pain intensity on postoperative days 3-4 and incidence of readmissions due to dehydration were significantly higher in the group with no history of recurrent tonsillitis. No significant differences in relative densities of protein gene product (PGP) 9.5- and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactive nerve fibers were observed. CONCLUSION: Patients with recurrent tonsillitis qualified for tonsillectomy reported lower pain intensity than those without recurrent tonsillitis and the pain scores were unrelated to nerve fibers density.


Resumo Introdução: Dor intensa é uma das queixas mais importantes no pós-operatório de uma tonsilectomia. Com frequência, essa dor é descrita pelos pacientes, como comparável à dor que acompanha a tonsilite aguda. Apesar da tonsilite recorrente ser a indicação mais frequente para cirurgia, muitas tonsilectomias são realizadas por outras indicações, e esses pacientes podem não estar familiarizados com essa dor. Objetivo: Verificar se indivíduos com tonsilite recorrente apresentam diferenças na intensidade dolorosa pós-tonsilectomia vs. pacientes com outras indicações para cirurgia, sem histórico de episódios de tonsilite aguda. Método: Foram realizadas 61 tonsilectomias sob anestesia geral, com o uso de um laser potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) (para que fosse eliminada uma possível influência de uma dissecção agressiva das tonsilas fibrosadas em pacientes com história de tonsilite recorrente), e hemostasia através de ligaduras de vasos sanguíneos nos leitos tonsilares. Os pacientes foram medicados com 37,5 mg de cloridrato de tramadol + 325 mg de paracetamol (comprimidos) durante 10 dias. As variáveis pós-operatórias foram tempo de internação hospitalar, hemorragia e percentual de readmissão. Os pacientes forneceram informações sobre a intensidade da dor em dias consecutivos, duração da dor, perda de peso corpóreo no dia 10 do pós-operatório, intensidade e duração da dificuldade de deglutição, e necessidade de doses adicionais de analgésicos. A velocidade de cicatrização também foi avaliada. Fibras nervosas capsulares foram examinadas histologicamente nas tonsilas resecadas com o uso de imunocorantes para marcadores de fibras nervosas gerais e de sensibilidade. Resultados: As indicações para a cirurgia foram: tonsilite aguda recorrente (34 pacientes), ausência de história de tonsilite recorrente - Tonsilite focal (20) e halitose (7). A intensidade da dor nos dias 3-4 do pós-operatório e a incidência de reinternações em decorrência de desidratação foram significativamente mais altas no grupo sem história de tonsilite recorrente. Não foram observadas diferenças significantes nas densidades relativas de fibras nervosas imunorreativas para protein gene product (PGP) 9.5 e calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Conclusão: Os pacientes com tonsilite recorrente e qualificados para tonsilectomia informaram menor intensidade da dor em relação aos pacientes sem histórico se tonsilite recorrente, e os escores para dor não apresentaram relação com a densidade das fibras nervosas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Pain, Postoperative/diagnosis , Tonsillectomy/adverse effects , Tonsillitis/surgery , Recurrence , Acute Disease , Pain Perception
13.
Acta cir. bras ; 29(10): 633-638, 10/2014. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-725288

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: To assess pain in the immediate postoperative period in cats submitted into two different celiotomy techniques for ovariohysterectomy. METHODS: Fourteen healthy female cats up to three years old with a mean weight 2.75kg, without breed specification, were used in this double blind experiment. The animals were randomly assigned to two treatments: I- ovariohysterectomy by lateral approach (LA) or II - by midline approach (MA). The anesthesia consisted of acepromazine (0.1 mg.kg-1) and midazolam (0.25mg.kg-1) followed isoflurane vaporization to induce and maintain hypnosis. A bolus of fentanyl (5μg.kg-1) was administered intravenously to provide intraoperative analgesia. After surgery, pain scores were assessed through a multidimensional composite pain scale at four different times. RESULTS: Generally all factors related to psychomotor changes and pain expression showed higher scores in cats neutered by LA, but only psychomotor changes and total pain score presented statistical differences (p<0.05). The animals that underwent lateral celiotomy showed higher pain scores, at 1, 4 and 6 hours after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Multidimensional analgesic scales were highly reliable. There was a tendency for the cats neutered by lateral approach to suffer more postoperative pain, including requiring a large number of analgesic rescues. .


Subject(s)
Animals , Cats , Female , Hysterectomy/veterinary , Ovariectomy/veterinary , Pain Measurement/veterinary , Pain, Postoperative/veterinary , Analgesics/therapeutic use , Hysterectomy/adverse effects , Laparotomy/methods , Laparotomy/veterinary , Ovariectomy/adverse effects , Pain Measurement/methods , Pain, Postoperative/diagnosis , Random Allocation , Reference Values , Reproducibility of Results , Time Factors
14.
J. bras. pneumol ; 40(4): 389-396, Jul-Aug/2014. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-721463

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To compare two thoracotomy closure techniques (pericostal and transcostal suture) in terms of postoperative pain and pulmonary function. METHODS: This was a prospective, randomized, double-blind study carried out in the Department of Thoracic Surgery of the Luzia de Pinho Melo Hospital das Clínicas and at the University of Mogi das Cruzes, both located in the city of Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil. We included 30 patients (18-75 years of age) undergoing posterolateral or anterolateral thoracotomy. The patients were randomized into two groups by the type of thoracotomy closure: pericostal suture (PS; n = 16) and transcostal suture (TS; n = 14). Pain intensity during the immediate and late postoperative periods was assessed by a visual analogic scale and the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Spirometry variables (FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC ratio, and PEF) were determined in the preoperative period and on postoperative days 21 and 60. RESULTS: Pain intensity was significantly greater in the PS group than in the TS group. Between the preoperative and postoperative periods, there were decreases in the spirometry variables studied. Those decreases were significant in the PS group but not in the TS group. CONCLUSIONS: The patients in the TS group experienced less immediate and late post-thoracotomy pain than did those in the PS group, as well as showing smaller reductions in the spirometry parameters. Therefore, transcostal suture is recommended over pericostal suture as the thoracotomy closure technique of choice. .


OBJETIVO: Comparar duas técnicas de fechamento de toracotomias (sutura pericostal e transcostal) em relação à dor pós-operatória e função pulmonar. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo, randomizado e duplo-cego realizado no Serviço de Cirurgia Torácica do Hospital das Clínicas Luzia de Pinho Melo e na Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, na cidade de Mogi das Cruzes, Brasil. Foram incluídos no estudo 30 pacientes submetidos a toracotomias posterolaterais ou anterolaterais, com idade entre 18 e 75 anos. Os pacientes foram randomizados em dois grupos em função do tipo de fechamento da toracotomia: sutura pericostal (SP; n = 16) e sutura transcostal (ST; n = 14). A intensidade da dor no pós-operatório imediato e tardio foi avaliada por uma escala visual analógica e questionário de dor McGill. Foram avaliadas variáveis espirométricas (VEF1, CVF, relação VEF1/CVF e PFE) no pré-operatório e nos 21º e 60º dias pós-operatórios. RESULTADOS: A intensidade da dor foi significativamente maior no grupo SP que no grupo ST. No grupo SP, houve reduções significativas nas variáveis espirométricas estudadas entre o período pré-operatório e pós-operatório. Essas reduções não foram significativas no grupo ST. CONCLUSÕES: Os pacientes no grupo ST apresentaram menor intensidade de dor pós-toracotomia, tanto imediata como tardia, e menor redução nos parâmetros espirométricos que os no grupo SP. Dessa forma, a técnica de fechamento de toracotomia por sutura transcostal é recomendada por apresentar vantagens sobre a técnica pericostal tradicional. .


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Lung/physiology , Pain, Postoperative/prevention & control , Suture Techniques , Thoracotomy , Wound Closure Techniques , Brazil , Double-Blind Method , Intercostal Nerves , Lung Volume Measurements , Pain Measurement , Prospective Studies , Pain, Postoperative/diagnosis , Pain, Postoperative/etiology , Spirometry
15.
Rev. latinoam. enferm ; 22(1): 136-143, Jan-Feb/2014. tab
Article in English | LILACS, BDENF | ID: lil-702033

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: to assess the intensity and site of pain after Cardiac Surgery through sternotomy during rest and while performing five activities. METHOD: descriptive study with a prospective cohort design. A total of 48 individuals participated in the study. A Multidimensional Scale for Pain Assessment was used. RESULTS: postoperative pain from cardiac surgery was moderate during rest and decreased over time. Pain was also moderate during activities performed on the 1st and 2nd postoperative days and decreased from the 3rd postoperative day, with the exception of coughing, which diminished only on the 6th postoperative day. Coughing, turning over, deep breathing and rest are presented in decreased order of intensity. The region of the sternum was the most frequently reported site of pain. CONCLUSION: the assessment of pain in the individuals who underwent cardiac surgery during rest and during activities is extremely important to adapt management and avoid postoperative complications and delayed surgical recovery. .


OBJETIVO: avaliar intensidade e localização da dor, após cirurgia cardíaca por esternotomia, durante o repouso e em cinco atividades. MÉTODO: estudo descritivo de coorte prospectivo. Participaram 48 sujeitos. Utilizou-se a Escala Multidimensional para Avaliação da Dor. RESULTADOS: a dor no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca apresentou-se de intensidade moderada, durante o repouso e decrescente com o passar dos dias. Durante as atividades, a intensidade da dor foi moderada no 1º e 2º pós-operatório e diminuiu a partir do 3º pós-operatório, com exceção da atividade tossir, em que houve diminuição apenas no 6º pós-operatório. As atividades tossir, virar-se de lado, respirar profundamente e o repouso estão apresentadas, respectivamente, em ordem decrescente de intensidade. A região do esterno foi o local de dor mais referido. CONCLUSÃO: a avaliação da dor nos sujeitos submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca no repouso e durante atividades se faz de extrema importância para adequar o manejo e evitar complicações pós-operatórias e recuperação cirúrgica retardada. .


OBJETIVO: evaluar intensidad y localización del dolor después de Cirugía Cardíaca por esternotomía durante el reposo y en cinco actividades. MÉTODO: estudio descriptivo de cohorte prospectivo. Participaron 48 sujetos. Se utilizó la Escala Multidimensional para evaluación del dolor. RESULTADOS: el dolor en el posoperatorio de cirugía cardíaca se presentó de intensidad moderada durante el reposo y decreciente con el pasar de los días. Durante las actividades la intensidad del dolor fue moderada en el 1º y 2º posoperatorio y disminuyó a partir del 3º posoperatorio, con excepción de la actividad toser en que hubo disminución apenas en el 6º posoperatorio. Las actividades toser, darse vuelta de lado, respirar profundamente y el reposo se presentan, respectivamente, en orden decreciente de intensidad. La región del esternón fue el local del dolor más referido. CONCLUSIÓN: la evaluación del dolor, en los sujetos sometidos a cirugía cardíaca, en el reposo y durante actividades es de extrema importancia para adecuar el manejo y evitar complicaciones posoperatorias y recuperación quirúrgica retardada. .


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Cardiac Surgical Procedures , Motor Activity , Pain Measurement , Pain, Postoperative/diagnosis , Rest , Prospective Studies
17.
Rev. gaúch. enferm ; 34(4): 68-74, dez. 2013. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, BDENF | ID: lil-704302

ABSTRACT

Trata-se de um estudo metodológico, cujo objetivo foi realizar o pré-teste e validar as propriedades psicométricas do Instrumento de Avaliação de Dor em Idosos Confusos (IADIC) no pós-operatório imediato. A amostra constituiu-se de 104 pacientes com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos em pós-operatório imediato, internados na sala de recuperação pós-operatória de um hospital geral do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Os dados foram coletados de abril a agosto de 2012. Os pacientes incluídos no estudo foram diagnosticados como confusos após aplicação do Confusion Assessment Method - CAM e possuíam idade de 71,51±8,81 anos. No pré-teste, não houve necessidade de modificações do instrumento. Ao se validar as propriedades psicométricas, a consistência interna dos itens apresentou alfa de Cronbach de 0,88 e a reprodutibilidade avaliada pelo coeficiente intraclasse foi de 0,838. A consistência interna e a reprodutibilidade conferiram validade e fidedignidade ao IADIC para o uso no Brasil.


This is a methodological study, the objective was to conduct the pre-test and validate the psychometric properties of the Pain Assessment Tool in Confused Elderly (IADIC) in the immediate postoperative period. The sample consisted of 104 patients aged 60 years and over in the immediate postoperative period, admitted to the recovery room after surgery in a general hospital of Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Data were collected from April to August 2012. Patients included in the study were diagnosed as confused after application of the Confusion Assessment Method-CAM and possessed age of 71.51 ± 8.81 years. In the pre-test did not require modifications of the instrument. Upon validation the psychometric properties and internal consistency showed a Cronbach's alpha of 0.88 and reproducibility assessed by the intraclass coefficient was 0.838. Internal consistency and reproducibility gave IADIC the validity and reliability for use in Brazil.


Se trata de un estudio metodológico, cuyo objetivo era llevar a cabo el pretest y validación de las propiedades psicométricas de la Herramienta de Evaluación del dolor en ancianos Confused (IADIC) en el postoperatorio inmediato. La muestra consistió en 104 pacientes mayores de 60 años en el período postoperatorio inmediato, ingresados en la sala de recuperación después de la cirugía en un hospital general de Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Los datos fueron recogidos entre abril y agosto de 2012. Los pacientes incluidos en el estudio fueron diagnosticados como confundido después de la aplicación del Método de Evaluación de la confusión-CAM y tenían edad de 71,51 ± 8,81 años. En el pretest no requirieron modificaciones del instrumento. Al validar las propiedades psicométricas y la consistencia interna alfa de 0,88 y reproducibilidad evaluada por el coeficiente intraclase de Cronbach fue de 0,838. La consistencia interna y reproducibilidad le dieron a IADIC la validez y fiabilidad para su uso en Brasil.


Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Confusion/complications , Pain Measurement/methods , Pain, Postoperative/complications , Pain, Postoperative/diagnosis , Brazil , Psychometrics , Reproducibility of Results
18.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec ; 65(1): 153-162, fev. 2013. graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-667551

ABSTRACT

Avaliou-se a confiabilidade e determinou-se a pontuação mínima relacionada à necessidade de intervenção analgésica de uma escala multidimensional para avaliação de dor pós-operatória em gatas submetidas à ovário-histerectomia. Trinta gatas foram filmadas em quatro momentos predeterminados: pré-operatório, pós-operatório antes e depois da analgesia de resgate e às 24 horas após a cirurgia. Quatro observadores, não cientes dos momentos de avaliação, e um observador, considerado padrão-ouro - pesquisador que desenvolveu a escala - , avaliaram os vídeos em ordem aleatória, a partir da aplicação da escala, e determinaram a suficiência ou não de analgesia, baseando-se na experiência clínica. Os vídeos foram reavaliados dois meses após a primeira análise. O grau de concordância entre as avaliações dos diferentes observadores e das avaliações feitas pelo mesmo observador em diferentes ocasiões foi verificado pelo coeficiente de correlação intraclasse, que variou entre bom e muito bom para todos os itens da escala, exceto atividade, atitude e miscelânea de comportamentos que apresentaram confiabilidade moderada. O ponto de corte ótimo (> 7) foi selecionado pela análise descritiva e da curva Receiver Operating Characteristic. Os resultados suportam a confiabilidade em termos de reprodutibilidade e estabilidade e indicam que a terapia analgésica deve ser considerada em pontuações >8.


The aim with this study was to evaluate the reliability, and to establish the minimum score relating to the analgesic intervention of a multidimensional scale for use in assessing postoperative pain in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Thirty cats were video recorded at 4 predetermined moments: prior to surgery, before and after rescue analgesia postoperatively, and 24 hours after surgery. Four observers blind to the times of assessment, and a gold standard observer (researcher who developed the scale) evaluated the video segments in random order using the scale, and determined the adequacy or not of analgesia based on clinical experience. The videos were reassessed two months after the first analysis. The agreement between the assessment of different observers, and the assessment made by the same observer on different occasions has been verified by the intra-class correlation coefficient that ranged from good to very good for all scale items, except activity, attitude and miscellaneous behaviors, which showed moderate reliability. The optimal cutoff point (> 7) was selected based on descriptive analysis and Receiver Operating Characteristic curve. The findings support the reliability in terms of reproducibility and stability, and indicate that analgesic therapy should be considered in scores >8.


Subject(s)
Animals , Cats , Pain, Postoperative/diagnosis , Pain, Postoperative/veterinary , Surgical Procedures, Operative/adverse effects , Surgical Procedures, Operative/veterinary , Reproducibility of Results
19.
Rev. bras. enferm ; 65(2): 264-268, mar.-abr. 2012.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, BDENF | ID: lil-646392

ABSTRACT

Trata-se de um estudo descritivo realizado com cinquenta mulheres em pós-parto vaginal com episiotomia. Objetivou-se mensurar e caracterizar a dor perineal em primíparas submetidas ao parto normal com episiotomia e verificar as atividades limitadas pela dor. Para avaliação da dor foi utilizada a Escala Numérica e o Questionário McGill, bem como um formulário para analisar as atividades que estavam limitadas. A média de dor perineal encontrada foi cinco. As categorias sensorial e avaliação subjetiva foram as mais selecionadas no Questionário McGill. A dor perineal foi caracterizada como latejante, que repuxa, que esquenta, ardida, dolorida, chata, incômoda, que prende e que deixa tensa. Sentar, deitar e deambular foram as atividades mais limitadas. Em conclusão, foi possível verificar a presença de dor perineal nas puérperas causada pela episiotomia e identificar que as atividades de sentar, deitar e deambular estavam limitadas por este sintoma.


This is a descriptive study, involving fifty women after vaginal delivery with episiotomy. The study aimed to measure and to characterize the perineal pain in primiparae who have had a natural childbirth with episiotomy and to verify the activities limited by the perineal pain. For evaluation of perineal pain, a Numeric Scale and the McGill Pain Questionnaire were used, as well as another questionnaire to analyze the activities limited. In the Numeric Scale, the median of perineal pain referred were five. The sensory and subjective evaluation categories were the most selected in the McGill questionnaire. The perineal pain was characterized as pulsing, pulling, hot, stinging, hurting, annoying, troublesome, tight and tense. The most limited activities were sitting, laying down (onto the bed), and walking. In conclusion, it was possible to verify the presence of perineal pain between women in the postpartum period caused by episiotomy and identify the activities of sitting, lying down and walking were limited for this symptom.


Se realizo un estudio descriptivo de cincuenta mujeres después del parto vaginal con episiotomía. Objetivó-se medir y caracterizar el dolor perineal en primíparas sometidas al parto normal con episiotomía y verificar las actividades limitadas por el dolor perineal. Para la evaluación del dolor se utilizo la Escala Numérica, el Cuestionario de del Dolor de McGill y un cuestionario para analizar las actividades limitadas. En la Escala Numérica, la media de dolor fue cinco. Las categorías de evaluación sensorial y subjetiva fueron los más seleccionados en el cuestionario McGill. La dolor perineal se caracterizó como palpitante, de esfuerzo, que se calienta, quema, duele, aburrido, incómodo, y deja que mantiene estrechos. Sentado, tumbado y caminar son las actividades más limitados. Finalización: fue posible verificar la presencia de dolor perineal entre primíparas causada por la episiotomia e identificar las actividades de sentado, acostado y caminando se vieron limitados por en este síntoma.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Young Adult , Activities of Daily Living , Episiotomy/adverse effects , Pain Measurement , Pain, Postoperative/diagnosis
20.
Jordan Medical Journal. 2012; 46 (4): 375-380
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-155533

ABSTRACT

Reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] is one of the most frequently performed procedures in orthopaedics.1 Although most of the patients show a satisfactory outcome reflecting stable and pain free knees, some complain about persistent or recurrent instability or pain after ACL reconstruction.2 The state-of-the-art diagnostic follow-up in these patients includes a thorough history and clinical examination, blood work [CRP and leucocytes], joint aspiration or biopsies from a diagnostic arthroscopy, conventional radiographs [anterior-posterior and lateral weight bearing, tunnel view and skyline view of the patella], computerized tomography [CT], and magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]. To date, single photon emission tomography and combined conventional CT [SPECT/CT] was used only in a few cases.3,4 With this case, we strive to present the diagnostic work-up in a patient with pain after ACL reconstruction and introduce SPECT/CT as a new diagnostic imaging modality. Furthermore, the possible clinical value of SPECT/CT as new diagnostic imaging modality is highlighted


Subject(s)
Humans , Young Adult , Pain, Postoperative/diagnosis , Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Computed Tomography
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